Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:ɬi-ʔqʼ1
Krauss 1970: 474; Krauss 1970a: 668. Polysemy: 'all (omnis) / all (totus)'. Krauss supposes that ɬiʔqʼ should be analyzed as ɬi-ʔqʼ, where -(ʔ)qʼ = 'on obj.'; for the bound morpheme ɬi- cf. ɬi-čʼ 'always' etc. [Krauss 1970: 472 ff.].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:qʰaht-ɬ1
Krauss 1970: 1563; Krauss 1970a: 671. Usually contracted as qʰahƛ.
Several terms enter into competition. Of those, the most common and neutral expression seems to be qʰaht-ɬ ~ qʰahƛ, see examples in [Krauss 1970: 968 ("scrape that bark!"), 1563]. The final -ɬ is a common instrumental suffix.
Another term for 'tree bark' is ɬãh [Krauss 1970: 504], but this is apparently obsolete, attested in one source only.
A third candidate is tʰah 'skin (q.v.) / hide / peel / bark / shell (of egg, crustacean)', attested in expressions kʼu-tǝ-tʰah 'tree-bark' (indn.poss-qual-skin), lis-tǝ-tʰah 'spruce-bark' (tree/spruce-qual-skin) [Krauss 1970: 272].
Cf. also more specific terms, such as saʔ 'inner bark, cambium, and sap, especially of hemlock, scraped in spring, dried flake-like, and kept in sealoil for winter food' [Krauss 1970: 728], etc., see the complete list in [Krauss 1970a: 671].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:possr=kʰǝmah ~ possr=kʰumah1
Krauss 1970: 1123; Krauss 1970a: 673. Glossed as 'belly, stomach'. As supposed in [Krauss 1970: 1124], apparently the same root as the incorporated kʰuːl ~ kʰũː 'belly, thickest part'; phonotactical details are, however, not entirely clear (kʰǝma... < *kʰǝwã...?).
Cf. also a more specific term possr=ɬaʔčʼ 'stomach' [Krauss 1970: 519].
The latter does not seem to be the default word for 'bird'; we tentatively prefer not to include this in the list.
Cf. also a more specific term qãː-ti-čʼičʼ-k '(any) small non-aquatic songbird' [Krauss 1970: 904]; as noted by Krauss, apparently a nominalized active imperfective from the hypothetical verbal root čʼičʼ '?', i.e. literally 'it does (something repetitive) on ground' (in fact, this root seems to be onomatopoeic).
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:=qʰa1
Krauss 1970: 1473; Krauss 1970a: 674. Distinct from qʼǝcʼ 'to bite severely; takes bite out of / to catch in beak / to catch, trap' [Krauss 1970: 1679].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:tǝ=ɬ=tʼuːčʼ1
Krauss 1970: 390; Krauss 1970a: 674. Literally 'it turns black'. Krauss claims that this is a wandering root (Eyak < Tlingit). Expressions for 'charcoal' are derived from this form: χǝ=tǝ=ɬ=tʼuːčʼ-k, kʼu=tǝ=ɬ=tʼuːčʼ-k [Krauss 1970: 391].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:cʼǝl ~ possr=cʼǝl-ih1
Krauss 1970: 649; Krauss 1970a: 675. Glossed as ''bone (anatomical, not as part of food)'. Distinct from qʼahš 'bone (in meat, fish), bony food' [Krauss 1970: 1704].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:possr=šeːkʼ1
Krauss 1970: 981; Krauss 1970a: 679. Glossed as 'chest, thorax'. Distinct from the term for 'female breast': cʼuː 'breast, teat, nipple; milk' [Krauss 1970: 647].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:possr=yǝ=ɬ=χahc-ɬ1
Krauss 1970: 1882; Krauss 1970a: 695. 'Fingernail' (with the qualifier -yǝ- 'hand'); the corresponding expression for 'toenail; claw' is possr=qʰiː=yǝ=ɬ=χahc-ɬ (with an additional qualifier -qʰiː- 'foot'). The final -ɬ is an instrumental exponent.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:=a1
Krauss 1970: 3 (p. i). Polysemy: 'to go (q.v.) / to come'.
Browsing through [Krauss 1970] strongly suggests that the most neutral and frequent Eyak verb for 'to go / to come', used with sg. subj., is =a.
Cf. some examples for the meaning 'to go': "where did you go (s=ah-ɬ)?", "nor will you know whither she's gone (s=ah-ɬ) and left you" [Krauss 1970: 49], "right into where water's formed a puddle he walked (s=ah-ɬ)" [Krauss 1970: 2718], "he didn't go (s=ah-ɬ-ĩh) far" [Krauss 1970: 2782], "he went (s=ah-ɬ-ĩh) by me", "he walked (s=ah-ɬ) by in front of/behind me" [Krauss 1970: 2841], "he went (s=ah-ɬ-ĩh) out" [Krauss 1970: 2856].
Examples for the meaning 'to come' are (selectively): "that man would come (qʰuʔw=ah)" [Krauss 1982: 44], "bogeyman will come (qʰuʔw=ah) here" [Krauss 1970: 2871], "he didn't come (ʔǝ=s=ah-l-q) at a good time" [Krauss 1970: 73], "did he come (s=ah-ɬ) visit you?", "did you come (s=ah-ɬ) close to it?" [Krauss 1970: 109], "do something quick: he's come (s=ah-ɬ) here!" [Krauss 1970: 1836], "say to him thus that he should come (ʔ=iy=aː-χ) to me" [Krauss 1970: 2092], "I come (ʔǝ=x=aː-kʼ) to where it's daylight" [Krauss 1970: 497], "why don't you come (ʔ=iːy=aː-kʼ-q) to (visit) me?" [Krauss 1970: 2262], "come (iy=aʔ) here!" [Krauss 1982: 86].
Unfortunately, pages with the entry "a1" are missing from the available draft copy of [Krauss 1970] (the vowel section of the dictionary simply begins with the entry "a2"; in the same way a1 is not included into the English-Eyak index at the end of the dictionary). This missing root 'to go (sg.)' is explicitly added by Krauss in the preface [Krauss 1970: 3 (p. i)]; there are also internal references to a1 'to go' in the text, e.g. [Krauss 1970: 1505].
Cf. the verb for 'to go' (and apparently 'to come'?), used with pl. subj., =ʔaʔčʼ, which is likewise missing from the dictionary and added in [Krauss 1970: 3 (p. i)] (note that =k=ɬ=ʔaʔčʼ means 'to stand (pl. subj.)', see sub 'stand'). A second root 'to go / to come', used with pl. animate subj., is =qʰah (a defective verb, attested only in active imperfective and imperative) [Krauss 1970: 1495].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:=sĩh1
Krauss 1970: 721; Krauss 1970a: 687.
Cf. also the euphemistic expression =lǝ=tǝ=ʔa 'to wane away, pass, (supply) run out, all die off, disappear, become extinct, come to an end' [Krauss 1970: 2708] with the root =ʔa 'to be/get in position' [Krauss 1970: 2688]. Other euphemistic expressions for 'to die' can be based on the verbal root =ʔya 'to get in situation/move/act restrictedly and/or involuntarily', see [Krauss 1970: 2394].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:χǝwaː1
Krauss 1970: 1824; Krauss 1970a: 688. According to Krauss, the word may be related to the verb =χǝma 'to growl (said of dog)' [Krauss 1970: 1828], although phonotactical details are not entirely clear. Alternatively, Krauss suggests to analyze χǝwaː as the χǝ-qualifier of an uncertain meaning plus =aː '(a kinship term?)' [Krauss 1970: 2931] or =waː '?'.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:=χ=a1
Krauss 1970: 2907; Krauss 1970a: 691. This is the basic verb for 'to eat'.
Cf. also more specific terms: xaʔ, which does not mean 'to eat' per se, but 'eating, appetite; food, smth. to eat' [Krauss 1970: 1283], and =leʔk ~ =leʔkʷ 'to move hand(s), act with hand(s)' [Krauss 1970: 1283], one of the meanings of which is 'to eat' or rather 'to eat up' [Krauss 1970: 2314].
Distinct from χeː ~ possr=χeʔ 'oil, grease, (rendered) fat, tallow, suet, lard, seal oil, fish-oil' [Krauss 1970: 1748 f.]; as noted by Krauss: "in texts most often 'seal oil'".
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:tǝ=qʼaː-k1
Krauss 1970: 1642; Krauss 1970a: 695. Derived from =qʼa 'to burn' q.v. with k-repetitive.
The root qʰuʔ ~ qʰuː ~ qʰũː 'fire' (possessing reliable Athapaskan cognates) is always bound, either used as a preverb ('on, into the fire') or in postpositional phrases 'onto, into, over, near the fire' [Krauss 1970: 1540], therefore it is excluded from the list.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:tǝq-i-taʔ -tǝ-ʔya1
Krauss 1970: 156, 2423; Krauss 1970a: 699. 'To be/become full'. As analyzed by Krauss, the expression consists of the preverb tǝq 'upstream, upriver' [Krauss 1970: 155], postpositions -ʔeʔ 'in place of' (> -i-) and -taʔ 'arrival at' plus the verbal stem -tǝ-ʔya ← =ʔya 'to get in situation/move/act restrictedly and/or involuntarily' [Krauss 1970: 2387].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:obj=čʼ=obj=tʰa1
Krauss 1970: 239; Krauss 1970a: 700. As noted in [Krauss 1968: 194-198], there are two main classificatory verbs in Eyak, namely =tʰa [Krauss 1970: 224] and =ʔa [Krauss 1970: 2688]. Both are used in the combination with obj=čʼ with the meaning 'to give / to bring' (literally 'to move toward smb.', the postposition =čʼ 'to, toward'), see [Krauss 1970: 239, 2695]. According to [Krauss 1968: 196], =tʰa is more generic and widely applicable; in particular, it is used for unspecified hypothetical concrete objects or abstractions (as in si-čʼ ʔǝ-tʰa-ʔ "give it to me!" [Krauss 1970: 239]).
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:=cuː1
Krauss 1970: 538; Krauss 1970a: 701. An adjective; meaning glossed as 'good, nice, pretty, favorable, kind, just, pleasant, friendly, well (healthy), in good condition, on good terms'.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:leːɬ1
Krauss 1970: 2274; Krauss 1970a: 704. Meaning glossed as 'hair (of human head)'. In reality, the word is applied more widely (e.g., 'black tree lichen, black heard moss', literally 'hair belonging on tree', or 'sawbill duck', literally 'this has hairs on head' [Krauss 1970: 2275]).
As suspected by Krauss (marginalia), may be related to =cʰĩʔ=ʔlahɬ 'to comb hair' [Krauss 1970: 2276]. Proceeding from Athapaskan cognates, however, Krauss assumes that the verbal root =ʔlahɬ could go back to *=ʔnahɬ < *=n=ʔahɬ.
A second candidate for 'head hair' is possr=šaːw [Krauss 1970: 965], whose primary meaning is 'head' q.v. This is certainly not the basic term for 'hair'.
Cf. also possr=χuʔ 'fur, (body-)hair (not single strands, or of head)' [Krauss 1970: 1814].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:possr=yǝ=qʼaʔcʼ1
Krauss 1970: 1687; Krauss 1970a: 704. Polysemy: 'hand / forepaw'. -yǝ- is the qualifier 'hand, arm'.
'Arm' is, however, expressed by a different word: possr=čʼel-ih ~ čʼãː- 'arm, forearm; sleeve' [Krauss 1970: 888]. On the contrary, 'foot' is syncretized with 'leg' as a single term (q.v.). Such a situation is typologically not very common and could suggest that the Eyak system has been attested in a period of semantic restructuring. In the light of the numeral čʼãːʔ '5' [Krauss 1970: 886], which is clearly cognate to =čʼel-ih ~ čʼãː- 'arm', one could suppose that Proto-Eyak possessed a single term for 'hand / arm', namely =čʼel-ih ~ čʼãː- (the semantic development 'hand' > '5' is common cross-linguistically, whereas 'arm' > '5' is typologically odd). Later, however, in the meaning 'hand' the root =čʼel-ih ~ čʼãː- has been superceded by =qʼaʔcʼ, of unknown origin.
Cf. also possr=qǝlaʔ 'shoulder, shoulderblade' [Krauss 1970: 1370]; as noted by Krauss, apparently a cognate for the Proto-Athapaskan term for 'arm / shoulder (?)'.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:possr=lǝ=qʰah1
Krauss 1970: 1493; Krauss 1970a: 705. Meaning glossed as 'head (apparently of any creature, including fish)'. Includes the l-qualifier 'head, face'. It is claimed in [Krauss 1970: 1493] that two Eyak words for 'head' are close synonyms: possr=lǝ=qʰah and possr=šaːw (the latter, as opposed to the former, can also be used in the meaning 'head hair', although it is not the main word for 'hair' q.v.). Both terms are frequent, so we have to treat them as synonyms. Krauss also suspects that possr=šaːw can be a Tlingit loan (< Tlingit šá 'head'), but this is not certain. Both terms, however, seem innovative. The old root for 'head', which has synchronically shifted towards 'neck', can probably be revealed in cʰĩʔ- ~ cʰiʔ-l- 'head, neck', attested as a qualifier or in postpositional phrases (see under 'neck').
Cf. more specific terms: =ʔu=ʔ=(lǝ)=tʰa 'to hear the sound of, listen to; to find out about, become aware of' [Krauss 1970: 260] (from the generic classificatory verb =tʰa [Krauss 1968: 194 ff.]) and obj=χ čǝχ =ɬ=ʔya 'to hear smth. at distance' [Krauss 1970: 2415] (with =χ 'in contact with', čehχ 'ear' and the verbal root =ʔya 'to get in situation/move/act restrictedly and/or involuntarily').
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:possr=ʔuq-ɬ1
Krauss 1970: 2849; Krauss 1970a: 705. The final -ɬ is an instrumental suffix. Krauss suspects that possr=ʔuq-ɬ may be an old deverbative from an otherwise unattested verbal root (this could be, e.g., 'to beat').
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:possr=ː=tǝleh1
Krauss 1970: 108; Krauss 1970a: 707. According to Krauss, < possr=l=tǝleh. Krauss (marginalia) suspects that the root should further be segmented as tǝ-leh (cf. the Athapaskan term for 'horn'), although the element -leh is unclear.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:xuː1
Krauss 1970: 1285. Independent pronoun (xuː), verbal prefix of direct obj. (xu ~ xʷ ~ x) and verbal prefix of subj. (x ~ xʷ) ([Krauss 1970: 1285]; [Krauss 1965: 171]).
Cf. the possessive morpheme si of the 1st p. sg. (possessive prefix and pronominal obj. of postpositions) ([Krauss 1965: 170]; [Krauss 1970: 1285]). Etymological relationship between x- and s-forms is unclear, because such an alternation seems irregular for Proto-Eyak-Athapaskan ([Krauss 1970: 1285] contra [Krauss 1965: 171]).
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:=še1
Krauss 1970: 932; Krauss 1970a: 710. This seems to be the basic verb, referring both to humans and animals as an object; the object can be singular and plural. Cf. also =siyu 'to kill' [Krauss 1970: 739], which refers to plural object only.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:possr=quht ~ possr=qũht1
Krauss 1970: 1374; Krauss 1970a: 711. As noted by Krauss (marginalia), maybe related to the verbal (?) root qǝmǝt, attested in possr=qʰeːs-kuː-ɬ-qǝmǝt-ɬ 'anklebone, ankle-joint' (qʰeːs 'Achilles' tendon(?)') [Krauss 1970: 1376].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
: =tʰe1
Krauss 1970: 212; Krauss 1970a: 713. Glossed as 'to lie, to be prone, to be in bed'. Applied to animate sg. subj. Cf. =tʰuʔčʼ 'to lie' [Krauss 1970: 300], used with animate pl. subj.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:ɬilaːʔ1
Krauss 1970: 530; Krauss 1970a: 716. Meaning glossed as 'man, boy, male (as opposed to female, human or otherwise)'. Morphologically unclear; Krauss proposes to analyze this as ɬi=laːʔ from a verbal root =laːʔ '?'.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:qʰǝ=χah1
Krauss 1970: 1775; Krauss 1970a: 718. Polysemy: 'moon / month'. Krauss segments this as qʰǝ=χah, suspecting an underlying meaning 'round (vel sim.)' for χah, but notes that the prefix qʰǝ- is not identified.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:possr=saʔ ~ possr=saʔ-t1
Krauss 1970: 729, 732; Krauss 1970a: 718. This seems to be the default expression for 'mouth (of humans or animals)'. Krauss supposes that the starting point was the preverb saʔ 'at the mouth', from which the nouns possr=saʔ, possr=saʔ-t have been derived. For the nominalizer -t see Krauss 1970: 13.
A second candidate is xaʔ, meaning 'mouth (of a human or an animal); eating, appetite; food, smth. to eat' [Krauss 1970: 1283]; however, in the meaning 'mouth' this word has very limited compatibility (used in collocations "to open the mouth only"?).
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:possr=cʰĩʔ1
Krauss 1970: 563; Krauss 1970a: 720. Meaning glossed as 'neck, nape'. Apparently the old meaning 'head' is retained in cʰĩʔ- ~ cʰiʔ-l- 'head, neck', attested as a qualifier or in postpositional phrases [Krauss 1970: 563].
Cf. also possr=tǝ=kaʔqʼ-ɬ 'throat, windpipe, trachea' [Krauss 1970: 1077].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:χǝƛʼ1
Krauss 1970: 1859; Krauss 1970a: 721. Polysemy: 'night / darkness'. A reduced form of the root χeʔƛʼ, cf. =ɬ=χeʔƛʼ 'to get dark, night falls' [Krauss 1970: 1858].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:possr=niːkʼ1
Krauss 1970: 2325; Krauss 1970a: 721. Polysemy: 'nose / beak'. Similar roots, however, are observed in possr=niːčʼ 'nose' (in compounds only?) [Krauss 1970: 2299] and possr=niːs-qʼ 'nostril' (literally 'on the nose' with the postposition obj-qʼ 'on') [Krauss 1970: 2365]. The phonetic relationship between these forms is quite unclear.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:=q1
Krauss 2009 (ey_negative.pdf). According to [Krauss 2009], the general negative exponent is suffixal =q, but "entirely alone, however, -q serves only as a derivational suffix to a few verbs, incorporated into the stem itself"; the most common negation pattern is the confix tikʼ ǟ-q. We treat the particle tikʼ and the suffix -q as synonyms.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:tikʼ2
Krauss 1970: 140; Krauss 2009 (ey_negative.pdf). According to Krauss, should be analyzed as ti-kʼ with the proclitic tǝ 'ipse' and the negative morpheme kʼu ~ kʼǝ, which synchronically functions as a negative prefix to interrogative pronouns [Krauss 1970: 1193].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:tǝχũh1
Krauss 1970: 186; Krauss 1970a: 725. Meaning glossed as 'person, man, human being (male or female, as distinguished from non-humans)'. Morphologically obscure.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:kʼu=leh1
Krauss 1970: 2089; Krauss 1970a: 731. Literally 'something is happening' with the indefinite subject kʼu- and =le 'happens' [Krauss 1970: 2051, 2087].
Cf. the verbal collocation yãːʔt-ʔya "it's raining" [Krauss 1970: 2419] from yãːʔ 'down' and ʔya 'to fall' with t-thematic [Krauss 1970: 2406]. The root kʰãː does not mean 'rain' [Krauss 1970: 1121].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:=tǝ=čʼeːʔ1
Krauss 1970: 882; Krauss 1970a: 732. Meaning glossed as 'to turn red'. As supposed by Krauss, perhaps an expanded variant of =tǝ=čʼeʔ 'to be(come) rusty' [Krauss 1970: 879] or, alternately, of čʼeʔ '(firm) feces, dung' [Krauss 1970: 880] (both čʼeʔ can in fact be related to each other).
Occasionally 'red' can also be expressed as tǝ=qʼaː-k-kʷaʔ [Krauss 1970: 1643], lit. 'fire-like' (tǝ=qʼaː-k 'fire' q.v.). Cf. also kũː=ɬ=tǝs-ɬ-kaʔ 'reddish' [Krauss 1970: 129], lit. 'clotted blood-like' (kũː=ɬ=tǝs-ɬ 'clotted blood' ← =tǝs ~ =tis 'to clot').
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:qeːcʼ1
Krauss 1970: 1387; Krauss 1970a: 733. Meaning glossed as 'spruceroot (perhaps also certain other stringy roots, but especially basketry-roots from spruce saplings)'. This seems to be the best candidate for 'tree root (in general)' and maybe 'tree/plant root' par excellence; besides spruce, this can be applied to skunk cabbage [Krauss 1970: 548, 1388]. Cf. the similar polysemy lis 'tree (q.v.) / spruce'.
A second candidate is =kʰũː, which attested in the following expressions:
1) =sǝ=ɬ=kʰũː ~ =kʰũːw ~ =kʰuw ~ =kʰǝw [Krauss 1970: 1123], which, according to Krauss' examples, means 'root-stump' or 'plant root(s)'.
2) =tǝ=ɬ=kʰũː [Krauss 1970: 1123], glossed as 'butt-end, base, rooted stump, thickest part' (said of trees, plants, logs) with some examples like lis=tǝ=ɬ=kʰũː 'roots (or base?) of spruce' (lis 'tree; spruce').
As incorporated element kʰuːl ~ kʰũː denotes 'belly, thickest part' (cf. sub 'belly'); the semantic derivation is probably 'thickest part of trunk/stalk' > 'stump with roots' > 'roots'.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:=tǝ=le1
Krauss 1970: 2092; Krauss 1970a: 735. Derived with t-thematic 'oral, noise' from the frequent polysemantic verbal root -le [Krauss 1970: 2050]. This is the most neutral and common expression for 'to say (that)'.
Distinct from the durative verb =ʔ=χa 'to tell (about)' [Krauss 1970: 1752].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:
The generic term is unattested and perhaps absent from the language. Cf. the following specific terms with the anatomical exponent lǝχǝ- 'eye' q.v.:
possr=lǝχǝ=ɬ=cʼǝl-ih 'seed (of fruit, berry, too large to eat)' [Krauss 1970: 650, 1085] ← possr=ɬ=cʼǝl-ih 'bone (anatomical), shell, pit, structural hard part of animal or fruit' [Krauss 1970: 650] ← cʼǝl 'bone' q.v.
possr=lǝχǝ=ɬ=kuks-k 'seeds (small enough to eat, of fruit, berry)' [Krauss 1970: 1085] ← kuks-k 'louse' q.v.
yaː-nuʔ(-čʼ) lǝχǝ-tǝ-yaːʔ 'seeds (for sowing)' [Krauss 1970: 2239, 2358] with the preverb yaː-nuʔ 'through (hole in) bottom surface' and the general plural act classificatory verb =yaːʔ [Krauss 1970: 3 (p. i)].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:=ta1
Krauss 1970: 34; Krauss 1970a: 739. Polysemy: 'to sit / to sit down / to stay, remain (within certain location, bodily position unspecified)'. Used with sg. subj. Cf. =qʰu 'to sit (pl. subj.)' [Krauss 1970: 1523].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:=cʰuʔt1
Krauss 1970: 595; Krauss 1970a: 740. The verbs for 'to lie' q.v., =tʰe (sg. subj.) and =tʰuʔčʼ (pl. subj.), can also sometimes be used in the meaning 'to sleep'.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:kʰučʼ-k ~ kʰucʼ-k1
Krauss 1970: 1138; Krauss 1970a: 740. A general, widely applicable adjectival term (with -k-repetitive thematized). The original root variant is apparently kʰučʼ.
Cf. the general diminutive and/or affectionate suffix -kʰih [Krauss 1970: 1108].
Cf. also the term possr=yahš '(woman's) child, (woman's) sister's child' [Krauss 1970: 2538], for which an old adjectival meaning 'small' can be suspected in some expressions [Krauss 1970: 2541].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:=k=ɬ=ãːʔ1
Krauss 1970: 2937; Krauss 1970a: 744. Polysemy: 'to stand / to stand up'. Used with sg. subj. Cf. =k=ɬ=ʔaʔčʼ 'to stand (pl. subj.)' (quoted in [Krauss 1970: 2572, 2937] ← =ʔaʔčʼ 'to go (pl. subj.)' [Krauss 1970: 3 (p. i)]).
Cf. also yaʔ t=ʔa 'to stand (of things)' [Krauss 1970: 2743] with yaʔ 'completely, to a state of rest, vertical' and =ʔa ~ =ʔaʔ 'to extend (intr.)' [Krauss 1970: 2719].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:qǝtǝ=kǝɬ ~ qǝtǝ=kiɬ1
Krauss 1970: 1044; Krauss 1970a: 747. A nominalization of kǝɬ ~ kiɬ 'to shrivel' [Krauss 1970: 1043], but the component qǝtǝ- is not entirely clear (probably a qt-thematic 'place, weather' [Krauss 1970: 1045]).
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:=we1
Krauss 1970: 1930; Krauss 1970a: 747. Subj. = human or mammal, sg. or pl. Distinct from =ɬǝ=qʰu 'to sit, alight, swim, float on surface of water' (subj. = pl. waterfowls or fishes) [Krauss 1970: 1527] ← =qʰu 'to sit (pl. subj.)'; =la ~ =na 'to swim under water (of fish, animal)' [Krauss 1970: 2173] ← =la ~ =na 'live or move in certain locality or position'; =ƛʰeʔχ ~ =ƛʰiːχ 'to swim rapidly (of fish)' [Krauss 1970: 407].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:possr=k=ƛʼah1
Krauss 1970: 433; Krauss 1970a: 748. A generic term, including tail of fish, but not of bird. The basic meaning of ƛʼah is 'rear, back end'; initial -k- is a thematic prefix, the same as in possr=k=kʰaʔ ‘tail (of bird)’ [Krauss 1970: 1117].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:ʔǝw ~ ʔuː1
Krauss 1970: 3 (p. i). Unfortunately, pages with this entry are missing from the available draft copy of [Krauss 1970]. However, this demonstrative pronoun is explicitly added by Krauss in the preface.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:ʔǝl ~ ʔãː1
Krauss 1970: 3 (p. i). Unfortunately, pages with this entry are missing from the available draft copy of [Krauss 1970]. However, this demonstrative pronoun is explicitly added by Krauss in the preface.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:possr=χũː-ɬǝ-yah1
Krauss 1970: 1830; Krauss 1970a: 751. The original root for 'tooth' is χuːl ~ χũː, synchronically attested as a bound element (anatomical and class-mark). According to Krauss, χũː-ɬǝ-yah is a nominalized verbal expression 'χũː are in position' with the "classifier" -ɬ- and the general plural object classificatory verb =(y)a. Proceeding from the Athapaskan cognates, Krauss further suspects that χuːl is to be analyzed as χuː-l with a historical l-class-mark).
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:=tǝ=χã1
Krauss 1970: 1801; Krauss 1970a: 756. Polysemy: 'to be warm / to be hot'. Contains the verbal root =χã 'to melt, thaw' [Krauss 1970: 1800]. According to Krauss' examples, =tǝ=χã is attested in application to 'stone', 'stove' and 'head' only ("stone is hot", "his head is hot").
Another term for 'warm' is =tǝ=quʔ 'to be warm', which normally describes weather phenomena or human perception, but can also be applied to 'water' [Krauss 1970: 1364].
Another term for 'hot' is =kʼaht ~ =kʼaʔt 'to have a fever (animate subj.); to be hot (inanimate subj.)' [Krauss 1970: 1230], attested in application to 'sun', 'water', 'stone'.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:taː1
Krauss 1970: 47; Krauss 1965: 170. Independent pronoun, direct stem, used as subj.
The oblique pronominal stem of the 1st p. pl. is qʰaː, used as independent direct obj. and as possessive prefix [Krauss 1965: 170] (missing as a separate entry from [Krauss 1970], but may be observed in numerous examples).
A third expression for 'we' is qǝyǝq [Krauss 1970: 1414], [Krauss 1970a: 757], which seems normally restricted to nominal phrases. We prefer to exclude this from the list. According to Krauss, should perhaps be segmented as qǝ-yǝq with qǝ as the main element: cf. the 3rd p. pl. pronoun ʔǝ-yǝq ~ ʔu-yǝq 'they' [Krauss 1970: 2853], which seems related to the pronominal morpheme ʔu of the 3rd p. sg./pl. (possessive and verbal prefix of direct obj. [Krauss 1965: 170 f.]).
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:qʰeʔɬ1
Krauss 1970: 1570; Krauss 1970a: 759. Glossed as 'woman, girl, female (human or anthropomorphized animal)'. Krauss suspects that this word should be analyzed as qʰeʔ-ɬ, i.e. qʰeː '(man's) son, (man's) brother's son' [Krauss 1970: 1468], modified with ɬ-instrumental, although this is quite unlikely from a general semantic point of view.
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:obj=taː-1
Krauss 1970: 52; Krauss 1970a: 720. Postposition 'near by obj'. This seems to be the most generic and neutral expression for 'to be near'. Krauss suspects that =taː- can be analyzed as the postposition -t 'at rest at' and the expanded augment -aː.
Distinct from the following postpositions: obj=teːleh 'around, near, close to, visiting, frequenting obj' [Krauss 1970: 109] and obj=χaʔ 'of obj, obj's, in (alienable) possession of obj' [Krauss 1970: 1779], which can mean 'at, near, by, with, at the home of, in possession of obj' [Krauss 1970: 1781].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:tiːyaʔ1
Krauss 1970: 111; Krauss 1970a: 735. Polysemy: 'salt water / salt'. Morphologically unclear. [Krauss 1970: 111 (marginalia)] suspects that it could be tiː '?' with the nominalizing suffix -yaʔ ~ -ǝyaʔ 'that' [Krauss 1970: 2502].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:χuhχ-ʔa-ʔluw-yuː1
Krauss 1970: 1915; Krauss 1970a: 741. Only the plural form 'snakes' is attested. Literally 'big worms' (χuhχ 'worm' q.v., ʔluw 'big' q.v., pluralizator -yuː, connective vowel -ʔa-). No other candidate for 'snake' has been revealed by browsing through the dictionary, except for a dubious gloss 'snake' for ʔuʔƛʼ 'driftwood, dead log' [Krauss 1970: 2815].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:χuhχ1
Krauss 1970: 1915; Krauss 1970a: 759. Polysemy: 'worm, earthworm / worm-like creature (with or without legs) / bug / moth'; see also 'snake'. Distinct from expressions for 'woodworm', based on the verbal root =ʔnikʼ 'to wriggle, crawl, creep' [Krauss 1970: 2323].
Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Krauss 1970; Krauss 1970a.} {Ethnologue: eya.}
:leh q-ʔya1
Krauss 1970: 2437; Krauss 1970a: 760. A phrase with the preverb leh 'through complete seasonal cycle, year' [Krauss 1970: 2167] (also functions as the postposition obj=leh 'year for obj, year of obj's life') and the common classificatory verb =ʔya [Krauss 1970: 2387].
